There is No universal experience of 'childhood' - it is a construct Essay

There is No all inclusive experience of 'adolescence' - it is a develop totally reliant on examples of social association and social shows Discuss with - Essay Example This is the start of molding a youngster to think and act like the parent. In this procedure, kids are instructed how to carry on and how to move inside their way of life. Contingent upon how the youngster is dealt with they will either build up a solid character and confidence or they will create one that is feeble. A kid is instructed to see the world through their folks eyes and they willing acknowledge this educating. The greatest impact on youth will be the way of life, religion, monetary and social parts of the family. Rodd (1996) says that culture assumes a critical job in youth and it very well may be the standard culture or it tends to be a subculture (Rodd, p. 31). Shechtman Hiradin and Zina (2003) chatted with youths in their examination to see if there was a distinction in how these youngsters would unveil about them dependent on their ethnicity. Their examination found that Moslem youngsters had the option to unveil simpler than Druze kids and they figured it might be because of how much cultural assimilation every ethnic gathering showed. Druze individuals re progressively customary in their manners and less acculturated to the standard than Moslem and Jewish youngsters as per their discoveries. This data shows that there is some fact to the possibility that culture has an impact on how a youngster learns. It is the assessment of this essayist that culture is an extremely enormous piece of how youngsters acknowledge certain things in their condition. For example, numerous kids grow up and are manhandled in their youth. Regularly this prompts harsh grown-ups. The way of life can likewise show a youngster to cherish or to despise, to communicate well or to be thoughtful and timid. There are an assortment of social difficulties to a youngster both inside the home and outside on the grounds that they are continually being shelled by social circumstances. Harris (1999) says that what a parent does may not make a difference to a childs growing up. She gives instances of how one culture (that of the 1950s) showed guardians not to ruin their kids. Today, guardians are

The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay Example For Students

The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay Consistently, almost 3,000 individuals kick the bucket while hanging tight for an organ transplant (DAgnese). Also, 66,000 individuals are still on an organ benefactor list in the United States, not many of which will ever observe their name come up on that rundown (Improving). Numerous individuals think there is no hope about this pitiful actuality. Nonetheless, this isn't the situation. Studies on undeveloped cell investigate highlight an answer for this lethal issue. With proficient utilization of undifferentiated cells, numerous infections and clinical issues could be unraveled. Undifferentiated cells are youthful, specific cells. Normally originating from a human undeveloped organism, they can form into progressively particular gatherings of cells or tissues (Stem Cells: A Primer). Starting at 2001, researchers could form foundational microorganisms into in excess of 110 distinct sorts of tissues, for example, blood, cerebrum or heart tissue (Robinson). On the off chance that these cells could be so valuable in the clinical field, for what reason would they say they are not being utilized at this point? As a matter of first importance, the examination on immature microorganisms is as yet progressing, however whenever given subsidizing this exploration may have just been cultivated. As indicated by Gary Stix, an author for Scientific American, on November fifth, 2001, an organization called Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) was the first to really clone undeveloped cells. We will compose a custom article on The Stem Cell Dilemma explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This isn't cloning in the most widely recognized sense, however. Immature microorganisms have recently been acquired from tissues of beginning time incipient organisms. With this trial, researchers attempted to utilize another method in making immature microorganisms so genuine undeveloped organisms need not be utilized. The researchers infused cells into eggs which had their cores evacuated, as opposed to making a genuine duplicate of the cell. These cells grew, however the farthest advancement was from the one cell to eight cells, which isn't sufficient to give foundational microorganisms (Lauritzen). This may not appear a lot, however it is viewed as a little advance on the way to more noteworthy and increasingly proficient utilization of these cells. Along these lines, one factor in the topic of for what reason do we not use foundational microorganisms is that sure individuals don't support of the utilization of early stage tissue in investigate. There are numerous reasons, in any case, wherein it could be viewed as attainable to utilize early stage undifferentiated organisms in the purpose of medication. For instance individuals with coronary illness or kidney disappointment could be relieved with a moderately modest activity. Today organ transplants are very costly and in some cases a coordinating benefactor can not be found if a patient had the cash to pay for it. In any case if undifferentiated cells could be utilized, organs would be effectively available, and a considerable lot of the individuals who might not have had the option to get a transplant would have new expectation. Not exclusively would foundational microorganisms help with organ transplants, yet they have additionally been appeared to treat different illnesses, for example, numerous sclerosis (Lee). Notwithstanding these realities, some may in any case think it is ethically off-base to utilize foundational microorganisms. There are numerous reasons that help demonstrate the way that the utilization of undifferentiated organisms doesn't rise to the obliteration of a real existence. Supporters of undifferentiated cell look into accept that undeveloped organisms made out of just a couple of cells that are being put away in a lab are not alive, in light of the fact that they are solidified. They may have once could possibly live, and however this potential was lost, it was not lost in view of undifferentiated cell inquire about. A considerable lot of the cells that are being utilized originated from finished pregnancies when a real existence would not grow in any case. In the event that an undeveloped organism were to go unused, why not use it rather to spare another life? There are in reality more than 110,000 incipient organisms being put away in the United States alone, with not a single life to be seen for them (Robinson). .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 , .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .postImageUrl , .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 , .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22:hover , .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22:visited , .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22:active { border:0!important; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22:active , .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22:hover { obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u29db7b0 e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u29db7b0e3cbd0580e9b95ca0afa5bd22:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Jataka Essay These undeveloped organisms are not alive, and ought to be utilized rather than disposed of. To make this discussion considerably simpler, undeveloped cells may sooner rather than later originate from, for instance, the ACT created incipient organisms. With the ACTs undeveloped organisms, the researchers began with human eggs, however they were not prepared with sperm; these eggs were then cajoled into preparation. The eggs were kept in a culture and appeared to create like typical undeveloped organisms, however they might presumably never form completely into a kid (Lauritzen). Essayist Paul Lauritzen get s some information about the professional life proclamations that state . The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay Example For Students The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay Consistently, about 3,000 individuals bite the dust while hanging tight for an organ transplant (DAgnese). Also, 66,000 individuals are still on an organ giver list in the United States, not many of which will ever observe their name come up on that rundown (Improving). Numerous individuals think there is no hope about this miserable reality. Be that as it may, this isn't the situation. Studies on undifferentiated organism look into highlight an answer for this dangerous issue. With effective utilization of immature microorganisms, numerous maladies and clinical issues could be understood. Undifferentiated organisms are extremely youthful, particular cells. Generally originating from a human incipient organism, they can form into increasingly specific gatherings of cells or tissues (Stem Cells: A Primer). Starting at 2001, researchers could form foundational microorganisms into in excess of 110 unique sorts of tissues, for example, blood, cerebrum or heart tissue (Robinson). On the off chance that these cells could be so valuable in the clinical field, for what reason would they say they are not being utilized at this point? Above all else, the examination on undeveloped cells is as yet progressing, however whenever given subsidizing this exploration may have just been practiced. As per Gary Stix, an essayist for Scientific American, on November fifth, 2001, an organization called Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) was the first to really clone early stage cells. We will compose a custom article on The Stem Cell Dilemma explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This isn't cloning in the most widely recognized sense, however. Undifferentiated organisms have recently been acquired from tissues of beginning period incipient organisms. With this investigation, researchers attempted to utilize another method in making immature microorganisms so genuine undeveloped organisms need not be utilized. The researchers infused cells into eggs which had their cores expelled, as opposed to making a genuine duplicate of the cell. These cells grew, however the farthest improvement was from the one cell to eight cells, which isn't sufficient to give undifferentiated organisms (Lauritzen). This may not appear a lot, however it is viewed as a little advance on the way to more noteworthy and progressively proficient utilization of these cells. Thus, one factor in the subject of for what reason do we not use immature microorganisms is that sure individuals don't support of the utilization of early stage tissue in look into. There are numerous reasons, be that as it may, in which it could be viewed as doable to utilize early stage undifferentiated cells in the purpose of medication. For instance individuals with coronary illness or kidney disappointment could be restored with a moderately modest activity. Today organ transplants are very costly and some of the time a coordinating giver can not be found if a patient had the cash to pay for it. Be that as it may if undeveloped cells could be utilized, organs would be effectively available, and a considerable lot of the individuals who might not have had the option to get a transplant would have new expectation. Not exclusively would undeveloped cells help with organ transplants, however they have likewise been appeared to treat different infections, for example, various sclero sis (Lee). In spite of these realities, some may in any case think it is ethically off-base to utilize undifferentiated organisms. There are numerous reasons that help demonstrate the way that the utilization of undeveloped cells doesn't approach the annihilation of an actual existence. Supporters of undeveloped cell explore accept that incipient organisms made out of just a couple of cells that are being put away in a lab are not alive, in light of the fact that they are solidified. They may have once could possibly live, and however this potential was lost, it was not lost in light of undifferentiated cell look into. A significant number of the cells that are being us

Email Are Tricky Business Heres How To Nail Them

Email Are Tricky Business Heres How To Nail Them Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Email Are Tricky Business: Heres How To Nail ThemUpdated On 25/02/2020Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/3c3zb8r CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you are building an online brand, then you might admit that creating email subject lines are hard. But they play a central role in determining the overall image of your brand. Emails are a tool that can help to create a close relationship with clients by enhancing credibility and professionalism.We have shared some of the best tricks to help you nail your subject lines and beyond.1. Stick to Your Brand StyleYou should ensure that your brand has a unique style and that it remains constant in all your media outlets. Designs should have the same fonts, colours, and design elements. If your newsletter design keeps changing, then your clients will start questioning your credibility and professionalism, but that is not what you want for your brand.Sticking to one brand style when you are just getting started might be hard. In that case, you are allowed to start with something simple, until you learn what is best for your business. This will help you attain uniformity in all that you do online as a company.2. Keep It ShortOnce you are done working on your newsletter design, you can move on to the content itself. This could even be a confirmation email. In the subject lines, you only have limited space to work with, and you need to utilise it efficiently if you want to gain a competitive edge. It even gets smaller when you consider the fact that most of the email subject lines will be accessed on mobile devices.Readers tend to scan their email so fast, which means you need to grab their attention as soon as they start reading. Your subject line should be short, so doing anything more than 50 characters might not be good for your brand.3. Get Straight to The PointYour readers are alw ays interested in instant value. They want to be aware of the gains they will get from clicking your email. Subscribers might receive lots of emails at once, but the ones with striking subject lines usually stand out. Therefore, by getting straight to the point, you lure your subscribers into clicking your email so that they benefit from it. To make it stand out, give it an attractive subject line that they can’t resist.READ5 Reasons to Prototype Software4. Give it a Simple LayoutThe overall layout of your newsletter is determined by the content you intend to share. If you need to share a focused message, then you might consider giving it a single column layout. However, if you have varied content to share, then you using a multi-column layout is highly advised. Regardless of the layout you decide to use, make sure that it is mobile-friendly.5. Call-to-Action Button Must be HighlightedIf you are sending a promotional email, then you need to add a call to action (CTA). You must ens ure that it is shown clearly in the subject line. Your customers should not feel pushed to take action, so you want to use a friendly tone to ask them to do it. CTA can be in the form of asking readers to follow you on social media, read more, or to hit the contact button. Once the person takes the action, you can send a confirmation email to them.ConclusionEmails are essential marketing tools in all businesses, and they always have to be introduced with subject lines. These subject lines are hard to create. If you do it well, you are likely to increase your number of subscribers, and that would improve your business performance. Use the pointers above to stand out from the competition and to take your business in the right direction.

A Daughter Of Eve Christina Rossetti Analysis - 1187 Words

Published in 1875, the Victorian poem â€Å"A Daughter of Eve† brings to light the harmful effect of societys pressures towards women regarding purity and innocence. Although Christina Rossetti’s ideas are a clear contradiction towards the accepted ideals of her time, the poem is engaging and creates a connection with readers, specifically those who are female. Through her use of imagery, repetition, contrast, and her allusion to biblical passages, she fashions a poem containing a coherent message that shines light on how societal pressures towards women poach ownership of their bodies, coerce them into believing they do not belong to themselves, and fester shame regarding actions resulting in a loss of innocence. In criticizing this trend,†¦show more content†¦To reflect on how society’s pressures affect women and their own placement of blame, and Rossetti uses various forms of repetition. The beginning of the poem immediately characterizes the speaker as ‘a fool’ (1), in her own perspective. Rossetti then uses this phrase as an anaphora, repeatedly positioning it at the beginning of various lines within the first stanza. As the phrase is repeated, a tone reminiscent of a mother scolding a child is developed, which the poet uses to mirror the speaker’s deep-wrought disappointment in herself. Rossetti introduces this feeling to reflect how the abandonment women face cultivates shame and lowered self esteem. As the poem progresses, the speaker insists on herself enjoying ‘no more to laugh’ and ‘no more to sing’ (14), as though she is dictating punishment to herself. In this case, the nature of the repetition not only takes on a scolding tone, but implies that the speaker believes that ‘punishment’ of a lack of happiness is both justified and deserved. Through this, the poet successfully portrays a belief convincing the speaker of her deservement of consequences that plague her after her loss of innocence, reflecting a trend among the vast majority of women in similar situations. Rossetti attributes this self-demeaning thought to society with the use of juxtaposition of light and

Essay on Understanding Schizophrenia - 1698 Words

In my senior year of high school, I began to experience personality changes. I did not realize the significance of the changes at the time, and I think others denied them, but looking back I can see that they were the earliest signs of illness. I became increasingly withdrawn and sullen. I felt alienated and lonely and hated everyone. I felt as if there were a huge gap between me and the rest of the world; everybody seemed so distant from me. This excerpt describes part of Esse Leete 20-year battle with schizophrenia. She committed herself to leading the fullest life her disease will allow and to educating others about mental illness. Schizophrenia is a very serious disease, but through defining schizophrenia and getting†¦show more content†¦When both parents have schizophrenia the percentage of risk rises to approximately 40% (Youth 3). Scientists today think that in some types of schizophrenia, the illness may ride along not only on one common gene, but on various rare genes or a combination of fairly common genes (Youth 3). While the causes are unclear, schizophrenia definitely is: not caused by childhood diseases, poverty, domineering mothers and/or passive fathers, or guilt, failure or misbehavior. Just like an other illness, schizophrenia has signs or symptoms. The symptoms are not identical for each person who has the illness. Approximately one-third of those affected may have only one episode of schizophrenia in his lifetime while another one-third may have recurring or continual episodes but lead relatively normal lives in between. A final one-third have symptoms for a lifetime (Youth 3). Schizophrenia always involves deterioration and changes from a previous level of functioning. Family members and friends often notice that the person is not the same. The person with schizophrenia has difficulty in separating what is real from what is unreal. As the person becomes more stressed by the demands of day to day living, the person may withdraw and the symptoms become more pronounced (Video). Deterioration is noticeable in ares such as: work or academic achievement , how one relates to others, and personal care and hygieneShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Understanding Of Schizophrenia2173 Words   |  9 Pagesday, the psychological understanding of the mind and schizophrenia has improved as well. From the beliefs of demons dwelling in the minds of the ancient people to understanding the true psychological understanding of this disorder and how it affects the mind. The treatment differs throughout the ages as ancient doctors and knew little on the disorder now known as schizophrenia, the treatment has varied from killing people to shock therapy today. Even though the understanding has grown there stillRead MoreUnderstanding Schizophrenia Essay2372 Words   |  10 PagesUnderstan ding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia, although affecting only one percent of the population, has a direct affect on society today. This disease, if left untreated, poses threat to health care professionals (including psychiatrists), law enforcement personnel, and family members responsible for the care and support of the schizophrenia patient. This paper addresses the causes of schizophrenia and the myths surrounding this complicated ailment, the affect of untreated or misunderstood aspectsRead MoreUnderstanding Schizophrenia Essay examples1617 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding Schizophrenia When a person hears the word crazy, their first thoughts are probably of symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is seen as the ideal case of insanity. The causes of this disease remain unknown, but scientists are constantly searching for answers. 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Hunter Understanding Schizophrenia 1 Salem College Understanding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of varying symptoms, in fact until the current edition of the DSM-V this disorder was broken into subtypes such as catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual. There many facets of schizophrenia such as auditory hallucinations, delusions, social isolation, as well as intense suspicion or agitation, eachRead MoreUnderstanding Schizophrenia And Biopsychological Case Studies Of Anxiety And Drug Abuse1791 Words   |  8 Pages Analyzing Psychological Disorders: Understanding Schizophrenia and Biopsychological Case Studies of Anxiety and Drug Abuse Susan DeVoe University of Phoenix â€Æ' Analyzing Psychological Disorders: Understanding Schizophrenia and Biopsychological Case Studies of Anxiety and Drug Abuse Let us discuss and dive into the study of a disease called schizophrenia. We will be taking a look at its symptoms, its causes, the areas of the brain it affects, its neural basis, and the appropriate drug therapiesRead MoreUnderstanding Schizophrenia and Psychosis1106 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Schizophrenia and Psychotherapy Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder  differentiated by degeneration of thought processes and of emotional reaction.  It is characterized by auditory hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech and thought process along with considerable social or occupational dysfunction. Onset of symptoms is usually during early adulthood. Diagnosis is based on DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of Schizophrenia (PubMed, 2010). It mainly affects the cognition but behaviorRead MoreAn Understanding About Autism And Schizophrenia Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesas a whole but there are more categories that fall into it. 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Major Types Of Major Depressive Disorder - 1112 Words

Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term depression is used in a number of different ways. It is often used to mean this syndrome but may refer to other mood disorders or simply to a low mood. Major depressive disorder is a disabling condition that adversely affects a person s family, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. In the United States, around 3.4% of people with major depression commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder. Suicide is characterized by a few things:†¦show more content†¦It is unclear whether medications affect the risk of suicide. Current and former patients may be stigmatized. The understanding of the nature and causes of depression has evolved over the centuries, though this understanding is incomplete and has left many aspects of depression as the subject of discussion and research. Proposed causes include psychological, psycho-social, hereditary, evolutionary and biological factors. Long-term substance abuse may cause or worsen depressive symptoms. Psychological treatments are based on theories of personality, interpersonal communication, and learning. Most biological theories focus on the monoamine chemicals serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, which are naturally present in the brain and assist communication between nerve cells. This cluster of symptoms was named, described and classified as one of the mood disorders in the 1980 edition of the American Psychiatric Association s diagnostic manual. Major depression significantly affects a person s family and personal relationships, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health. Its impact on functioning and well-being has been compared to that of chronic medical conditions such as diabetes. A person having a major depressive episode usually exhibits a very low mood, which pervades all aspects of life, and an inability to experience pleasure in activities that were formerly enjoyed. Depressed people may be

Edmunds Corrugated Parts Essay Example For Students

Edmunds Corrugated Parts Essay This company issues could be sum up as employment and competitor advantage. The employee issues started from the beginning of the company. According to the case Larry, the owner and operator, was not only given a loan but also a barn to start his business. Which was a great start for Larry because he was able to employee bout 100 people which many of them were his neighbors. Just as in any company Edmunds Corrugated Parts and Services was face with the fact of replacing employees because they were nearing retirement, As time change the younger generation sought to move away and not stay local so Larry was tact with a potential unemployment issue in his company, The other issue that Edmunds was faced with was the fact that they were losing several industries in the United States, According to the case consolidation in the paper industry had wiped out hundreds of the LIST plants that Edmunds once revered, with many of the survivors either opening overseas facilities or entering into joint ventures abroad. This was causing the loss of business for this company. Especially when the manufactures were investing in higher quality machines that broke down less frequently. This was the beginning of companies not utilize Edmunds parts because the parts were not needed. This issue was halting the growth and the even the potential to keep the company at the standing they were in for the past years. Create and describe a strategy for addressing the situation at hand. There are various ways of address the two tuitions at hand. As for the employee issues that they would be facing it is as simple of being proactive. Since the younger generation is leaving the area than there must be incentives for them. The New York Times reported that a Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator, known as Midwest 1. 5. 0 was faced with a similar problem. It was even reported that the jobs are so complex that summer interns and college graduates cant step right into them. Just as the problem of the younger generation moving away and not wanting to stay both companies had similar issues. One of the first things we did was to enhance our employee referral program. Employees now have several opportunities to make money by referring candidates. First, we give any employee who refers a candidate a scratch-tot card with a discount tort coffee, food or a movie, and we enter their names into a monthly drawing, The monthly winner gets $300, even if we dont hire the person who was recommended (Begley 2008). When employees refer new employees that general means that the current employee is vested and want to see the company succeed. When the new employee performs below standards than that reflects the current employee and they generally will police themselves. This would allow the current employee to essential hire their replacement and the company could continue With its business. As far as the other issue of growth and losing clients there are many ways that Edmunds could fix it. Edmunds could look into a joint venture. A joint venture or strategic alliance is a form of partnership where businesses come together to share knowledge, markets, and profits. Joint ventures can take on various forms. Small companies can band together to take on the Goliath of their industry. Big companies can form alliances with quicker and nimbler small businesses. And small companies eave the opportunity to forge strategic alliances with big name companies for expanded geographic reach (Sawhorses 2012). This strategy could help them serve the companies that they had lost, If they are in a partnership with the company that services the newer machines they could reach all of the clients that both companies have. In essence it would they could be one company for all machine and equipment needs. Assess which element in the strategy you just described would be the hardest to implement and explain why, Within any business a partnership the difficult part is the implementation of it. .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 , .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .postImageUrl , .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 , .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6:hover , .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6:visited , .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6:active { border:0!important; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6:active , .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6 .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf63d4bce3f6b0552dc4333567554abb6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plutonium EssayThe problem hat Edmunds would have is the fact of trying to join with a competitor, The companies that are servicing the newer machines are his competition because they have the same clients he uses to. The advantage that Edmunds has is they still have a market share and both companies would benefit from this. According to Business Link a joint venture can also be very flexible. Poor example, a joint venture can have a limited life span and only cover part of what you do, thus limiting the commitment for both parties and the business exposure. This does not have to be a longer term but just to make one stop show to server all of he machines Whether they are new or older model. A joint venture can help your business grow faster, increase productivity and generate greater profits. A successful joint venture can Offer access to new markets and distribution networks, increased capacity, sharing of risks and costs with a partner, access to greater resources, including specialized staff, technology and finance (Business Link 2012). With all of these factors this would cause the company to grown and be able to stay in business. The difficult part would be to implement the changes that come with a partnership. The companies would have to adopt each other elicits and produces to assure they are serving the customer on the same level. Describe what strategies Edmunds could use in the torture to reduce potential crises before they happen. One of the main issues that Edmunds was having was centered around employees. Edmunds employees were USC)n to retire and there were no plans to back fill them. Today, many companies recruit and hire to till holes in the moment and dont always consider their long-term business goals or the future needs of the organization. This can potentially lead to bad hires or ultimately, lost opportunities (Hess 2011). There avgas no recruitment strategy in place to assure that there were back fills for the employees The only mention was that of the younger generation leaving and not venting to stay local. As the war for talent continues to escalate, its essential that key business leaders are involved with the development of your recruitment strategy to ensure that every hire you make is a good one ? for today and tomorrow. Hiring to your business strategy is paramount to ensuring that youre not only hiring the best available talent ? but youre hiring the best available talent With the sired experience and competencies, to meet both current and future needs Of the organization. The future success Of your company depends on it (Hess 2011). If the company would hired based on their business model this would help attach the right qualified people. They were only concern With going after the younger generation but the experience was with a older generation. Older generation still has at least 10 years or more and would be significantly younger than that of the retiring work. This strategy with help fix one of their major issues. With a new set of employees brings on a new set of ideas and ways of inducting business. Another area that could help prevent or reduce a potential crisis is developing a Research and Development program. According to Business Exchange research and development (R) taken on a more prominent role in businesses, as consumer are looking tort quality and innovation at a reasonable price range. This is why Edmunds began to lose clients because the machines changed and there was not a need for their parts on the newer machines. More and more companies are looking to their teams for the next great things as they navigate through the current recession. When revenue is low companies ill begin to look for new innovative ways of doing business. Edmunds was not prepared for this shift in the market.

A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essays

A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essays A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essay A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essay A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury’s and the Emerging Online Shopping Sector Abstraction This paper represents an analysis of the recent rise in on-line place shopping and more specifically the service offered by the supermarket concatenation Sainsbury’s. The analysis derives from a market goaded direction position and efforts to put the recent activity by Sainsbury’s within a strategic and market driven model, measuring the grade to which its direction determinations fit in with bing theory in this country. To this terminal so, this paper represents non merely an appraisal and scrutiny of a existent universe company utilizing modern-day theory but an rating of that theory as it manifests within a practical state of affairs. Sainsbury’s has a long history of retail within the British market, nevertheless the initial selling run for its on-line service,Sainsbury’s To You, was dissatisfactory, coercing a re-launch and re-branding exercising in 2006 ( Lyons, 2006 ) that aimed to be more in melody with client demands. This makesSainsbury’s Online( as it is now called ) an ideal topic for a paper covering with market goaded direction. It is hoped that this paper represents both an lineation and rating of market goaded direction in practice but besides a survey of how a comparatively traditionally based company can react to client demands and integrate these into their stigmatization exercisings and their corporate civilization. Introduction – From Marketing to Market Driven Management As Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces, Marketing is both a concern doctrine and an action-orientated process ( Lambin, 2000: 3 ) ; it has both an abstract base and a practical application and, as such, alterations to accommodate the environing socio-economic and socio-political state of affairs. Marketing non merely exists as an interface between a company and its clients but besides as a statement of purpose within a market place that serves to specify market portion and merchandise arrangement. Traditionally, selling has frequently been seen as a manner of working ( or possibly even making ) sometimes, unconscious demands and desires within consumers. Maddock and Fulton’s 1996 text editionMarketing to the Mind: Right Brain Strategies for Advertising and Marketing, for case purposes to utilize psychological techniques to make a sensed demand within a consumer that can be exploited by a company in a round procedure of creative activity and repletion of desire. Used more as an active ve rb, selling has come to depict the procedure of involvement coevals one time a merchandise has been created, instead than holding an built-in topographic point within research, development and production itself. As Lambin ( 2000 ) suggests, selling has besides traditionally been seen as contingent to the ethos, mission and civilization of a house, bing within the interstice between supply and demand: In a market economic system, the function of selling is to organize free and competitory exchange so as to guarantee efficient matching of supply and demand of goods and services†¦The function of marketing in society is hence to organize exchange and communicating between Sellerss and purchasers. This definition emphasises the undertakings and maps of selling, irrespective of the intent of the procedure of exchange. [ 1 ] The linguistic communication here, of supply and demand, exchange and communicating, emanates from traditional economic theory. The traditional impression of selling, so, relates straight to the Marxist construct of the creative activity of surplus value outlined inDas Capital( 1933 ) and depicting a quintessentially 19th and early 20th century construct of commercialism ( Drucker, 2007: 3 ) . How, asks observers such as Lambin ( 2000 ) , Day ( 2007 ) and Webster ( 2002 ) , can marketing adjust to the alterations in the socio-economic place experience since the 1980s? How can marketing reflect a more postmodern and globalised society, where increased denationalization, greater and greater technological progresss ( Lambin, 2000 ) , a feminised workplace ( Amin, 1997 ) and a immensely more educated client base mean that the simple chaining of supply and demand through selling is unequal? The reply is the displacement from marketing to market goaded direction, where client satisfaction and demand permeates every procedure in the corporation [ 2 ] : from the design and research of new merchandises to the method of bringing. As Webster ( 2002 ) inside informations, the construct is a simple but effectual one: Nothing could be simpler to understand. A satisfied client is willing to pay the house good for its merchandises and services because the client finds value in them. Value is created for the stockholders in the signifier of net income when the client pays the house a monetary value that is greater than all of the monetary values the house itself paid for the goods and services that it has combined into its ain merchandise offering. Therefore, value is created in the market place by clients who perceive value in the firm’s merchandise offering. [ 3 ] This simple sounding mission statement has a enormous impact on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of a concern or administration and, as we shall see, is non ever uppermost within the heads of many CEOs and stockholders. Market goaded direction purposes to put the construct of sensed value at the bosom of a company’s operations and, as such, represents an of import paradigm displacement in concern thought, one that is more holistically defined, one that attempts to put greater burden on answerability and procedure and moreover one that is commensurate with the altering commercial field beyond the council chamber. Along with the image of market goaded direction, Lambin ( 2000 ) postulates the rise of the new consumer ( Lambin, 2000: 41 ) , a more flush, spoting and technologically educated client who values time, stimulation, pleasance and change ( Lambin, 2000: 41 ) above traditional consumer desires such as length of service, quality and low monetary value. Baker and Bass ( 2003 ) continue this line of idea when they province: The present consumer-driven market place is characterised by a new sort of consumer, one who has been diversely described as active’ , knowledgeable’ and post-modern’ . In kernel, this is a New Consumer’ a animal clearly different and identifiable from its predecessors. [ 4 ] The image of the new consumer’ embodies many of the concerns of market goaded direction, it besides, as we shall see, has a great bearing on the instance survey that forms the following portion of this paper. The new consumer is a theoretical account that is based non simply on stuff demand but on a whole gamut of different situational demands, from clip direction to the desire for alteration and freshness. Servicess such as on-line shopping and e-commerce could merely hold come out of displacements in the manner clients needed to carry on their concern and ipso facto their whole life style ( Dholakia, Fritz, Dholakia and Mundorf, 2002 ) nevertheless this was facilitated by patterned advances in engineering and in marketing theory – as the traditional paths to client involvement ( in-store direction, forepart of head advertisement [ Varey, 2001 ] , monetary value decreases and so on ) began to look inadequate. The instance survey that follows looks at one such illustration of this, the online shopping arm of J. Sainsbury’s,Sainsbury’s Online, and does so within the renters of market driven direction and related theory. The first subdivision presents a general company background and overview of their present place ; the 2nd subdivision looks at the country of client behaviors and related scheme ( Lambin, 2000: 89-458 ) ; the 3rd, market goaded direction determinations such as merchandise line and pricing ( Lambin, 2000: 459-698 ) and the decision aims to put all of this within the context of current theory and to measure Sainsbury’s current policies. Sainsbury’s Online – A Traditional Company in a Changing Universe J. Sainsbury’s was founded in 1869 by John and Mary Ann Sainsbury [ 5 ] in Drury Lane, London and has grown to be one of the major participants in the UK food market market, functioning on norm about 16 million clients in 455 supermarkets around the state every hebdomad. Geting a figure of related concerns through a series of coup detats in the 1990s ( Bells Stores, Jacksons, JB Beaumont etc ) Sainsbury’s has invariably been careful to safeguard its image as a purveyor of quality green goods and besides to increase its presence in the market place over the last decennary. Its literature invariably stresses the extent that it responds to its customer’s demands and wants whilst at the same clip guaranting that its stockholders are kept happy with high returns. Its mission statement, for illustration, reads: Our aim is simple ; to function clients good and thereby supply stockholders with good, sustainable fiscal returns†¦ Our policy is to work with all of our providers reasonably, recognizing the common benefit of fulfilling clients demands. We besides aim to carry through our duties to the communities and environments in which we operate. [ 6 ] We can see here the beginnings of a market goaded direction mentality, where the satisfaction of the stakeholders is inextricably linked to that of the clients ; [ 7 ] nevertheless, as we shall see, this was non ever the instance, and market placement of Sainsbury’s is still a debatable country. Sainsbury’s To You, Sainsbury’s cyberspace shopping site, was ab initio rolled out in 2001/2 and operated out of merely 20 shops throughout the state. In its first twelvemonth, it made a ?50m loss making gross revenues of around ?110m in 2002 ( Wearden, 2002 ) . This was in comparing to Tesco online that achieved gross revenues of over ?356m in the same twelvemonth and handled about 85,000 orders per hebdomad to Sainsbury’s 27,000. As Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) item, the scheme for the turn overing out ofSainsbury’s To Youwas based really much on their bing concern theoretical account. Initially, Sainsbury’s adopted the order and collect system that meant clients would order online and so come into the shop to pick up their food markets ( Harris and Dennis, 2002: 252 ) . This was chiefly designed to feed into bing selling schemes of impulse purchasing and forepart of head advertisement – the client would purchase farther green goods in shop w hen they came in to pick up their antecedently detailed order, so the thoery went. As Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) suggest, non merely was this unpopular ( the market leader Tesco declining to follow such as system ) but Sainsbury’s ( and its rival Safeway ) abandoned this after 2002 when it was re-branded and re-launched. This last point is an interesting illustration of the manner in which a company such as Sainsbury’s can neglect to factor the demands and desires of the client when explicating market schemes. The order and collect’ service was based, so Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) suggest, on preexistent corporate schemes non commensurate with market driven operations, the client hence rejected the service out of manus and the concern, purportedly given the disparity in net incomes, when to the rival supermarket, Tesco. Sainsbury’s is now the 3rd biggest online grocer behind Tesco and Asda, a state of affairs that is, in portion, due to the re-launch of the on-line service in 2002/3 ( Thompson, 2008 ) . The following subdivision looks closely at the building ofSainsbury’s Onlineand how this fits into, foremost, the company’s bing authorization and, secondly, market goaded direction theory. Customer Behaviour and Schemes One of the primary incentives behind market goaded direction is client satisfaction and this, as Lambin ( 2000 ) inside informations is best understood through a consideration of client behavior and how it changes over clip. Bradley ( 2003 ) inside informations that a consumer’s behavior is a complex procedure based on a whole scope of sociological and psychological inputs that are brooding of alterations in the wider societal field, as he states: The external factors which influence consumer purchasing behavior are civilization, moralss, legal limitations, societal category, interhousehold communications and other influential procedures. The internal factors refer to the individual’s ain cognitive universe which determines the individual’s reaction to stimuli. [ 8 ] Lambin ( 2000 ) criticises accepted theory that asserts that marketing creates need, for him and for many other theoreticians ( Varey and Lewis, 2000 ; Morris and Morris, 1990 ; Thompson and Strickland, 2003 etc ) selling should reflect a demand existent in the market topographic point already for Lambin ( 2000 ) the issue is one of analysis instead than creative activity. It is easy to see how this impression fits into e-commerce and online shopping, Chan, Lee, Dillon and Chang ( 2001 ) for case have stated how alterations in the nature of society and client life styles have created a demand for services that are unusually different from traditional commercial ventures. One of the first stairss, so, to showing clients with what they need is to understand their life style and to factor this in to any corporate determination, as Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces: The consumer is consistent with regard to his or her ain set of maxims, and non with regard to a set of maxims defined with no mention to a specific situational context or penchants construction. [ 9 ] We have so the image of a client whose demands are propelledbyand rootedina specific situational context and this, as plants on e-commerce have told us, is non needfully commensurate with historically determined or traditional demands. The user of an on-line food market site, for case, is improbable to do the same sorts of impulse bargains as a shopper in shop, they are besides, as Dennis, Fenech and Merrilees ( 2004 ) item, more likely to value such things as dependability of the web site, website design and client service over monetary value and particular offers ( Dennis, Fenech and Merrilees, 2004: 92 ) . Following the re-launch ofSainsbury’s To Youin 2002, Sainsbury’s offered a more matter-of-fact and useful service, more aligned with its nearest challenger Tesco than the sole market its original name suggested. This was clearly a strategic operation carried out after initial losingss and, as Hackney, Grant and Birtwhistle ( 2006 ) item, resulted in a 19 per cent per cent growing over the following 12 months. One of the specific tools Lambin ( 2000 ) lineations is demand analysis ( Lambin, 2000: 292 ) a construct that combines primary demand’ ( the entire demand for a peculiar merchandise or service, in a specific geographical country, a specific clip frame and a specific economic environment ) and company demand’ ( a particular company’s portion of the primary ) . The primary demand can besides be plotted against entire market strength to foretell impregnation degrees and to be after for strategic eventualities. Figures from the IGD province that, in 2004, the primary demand for on-line food market shopping was around ?1bn per twelvemonth and that Sainsbury’s commanded around 14 per cent of this ( company demand ) . [ 10 ] The absolute market is dependent on a figure of things, in this sector, chiefly of class the figure of families with entree to a computing machine and the cyberspace – presently this is thought to be in the part of 8 million [ 11 ] , each of these families potentially spend the norm of ?119.10 per hebdomad on food markets online [ 12 ] and it is this figure ( figure of family ten mean hebdomadal budget ) that represents the absolute market potency ( Lambin, 2000: 294 ) that Sainsbury’s can take for. As Hackney, Grant and Birtwhistle ( 2006 ) province, much of the success of the Tesco online system and therefore, much of the failure of Sainsbury’s initial operations, was due to strategic planning. Tesco non merely had bing trade name acquaintance but was besides able to develop an emergent strategy ( Mintzberg and Waters, 1985 ) that was conceived of over a figure of old ages. Unlike Sainsbury’s, Tesco’s online operations grew easy during the first two old ages of operation and was merely rolled out to the full after the bringing substructure was in topographic point and working ( Grant and Birtwhistle, 2006 ) . Commensurate with impressions of the strategic selling program ( Lambin, 2000: 424 ; Stone and Maccall, 2004 ; Proctor, 2000 etc ) Sainsbury’s attempted ( and still try ) to place themselves within a market that was already emerging and, to some extent, booming. The trade name direction of Sainsbury’s stresses the importance of quality a nd household values every bit good as foregrounding its ain scope of low priced merchandises, their mission provinces for illustration that: At Sainsbury s we will present an of all time bettering quality shopping experience for our clients with great merchandise at just monetary values. We aim to transcend client outlooks for healthy, safe, fresh and tasty nutrient doing their lives easier mundane. [ 13 ] This in blunt contrast to that of Tesco that systematically stresses the impression of value in their literature and selling. [ 14 ] Sainsbury’s has systematically positioned itself in the food market market between the cheaper shops such as Tesco and Asda and the higher priced, choice thrust concerns like Waitrose and Marks and Spencer. This has manifested itself non merely in the design and construction of the website it offers for case a practical community where users can interchange formulas and thoughts – but besides in some of the direction determinations made over the last two old ages. The desire for a greener shopping experience for case has led Sainsbury’s to perpetrate to electric new waves to present their goods by 2010, reflective of, non merely, their mission statement’s purpose to offer a whole shopping experience’ but of their strategic placement within an already crowded market. Market Driven Management Decisions This last point enables us to interrogate the concluding country of operations: market goaded direction determinations, the impression that all corporate determination devising should be based on the sorts of strategic placement and demand analysis that we have hitherto looked at [ 15 ] . As Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces, within a market goaded administration, all determinations from pricing to merchandise choice, from logistics to advertisement will be based on client satisfaction and deriving greater market portion: In a invariably altering environment, a company must continuously re-evaluate the construction of its portfolio of activities, intending the determinations to abandon merchandises, modify bing 1s or launch new merchandises. These determinations are of the extreme importance to the endurance of company and affect non merely the selling section, but all of the other functional countries as good. [ 16 ] We have already seen how logistical determinations at Sainsbury’s were affected by market concerns through the acceptance of greener conveyance and how the forsaking and re-launch of the originalSainsbury’s To Youwebsite reflected the sensed demand of its clients and its market placement. Commensurate with impressions of market goaded pricing, Sainsbury’s used a construction that can be viewed more as a statement of value ( Morris and Morris, 1990 ) than a calculated scheme of underselling that is traditionally seen to be the chief arm in a supermarket monetary value war. Again Sainsbury’s attempted to place itself as a center land participant within the market by appealingbothto clients seeking cut monetary value value merchandises with the debut of its Low Price’ no frills range [ 17 ] and the higher priced healthy organic nutrient scope Be Good to Yourself . Again, we can see here how such pricing determinations reflect its strategic operations as positioning itself someplace between Tesco and Waitrose. Datas from Sainsbury’s online clients is due to be combined with strategies rolled out in shop. The CRM ( client relationship direction ) based exercising is due to hit shops UK broad in 2008 and aims to unite both in-store and on-line client databases [ 18 ] . Sainsbury’s trueness cardNectarnon merely offers clients money back offers and price reductions therefore functioning as a trueness card but, evidently, besides provides a front terminal to a valuable CRM informations aggregation exercising and this is set addition as it is combined with the new informations analytics tool, Self Serve’ ( LMG, 2008 ) . Customer relationship direction aims to use informations collected through things such as trueness cards and shopping behavior to better the free flow of information between consumer and retail merchant ; as Zingale and Arndt ( 2001 ) item, this is peculiarly utile when covering with on-line shopping: Enterprises should non see the cyberspace as simply a new medium or new channel ( although both of these could be get downing points for internal treatments ) , but more as a riotous engineering that demands strategic response. In other words, endeavors should explicate an Internet scheme for all facets of their concern: selling, distribution, stock list, direction, procurance. [ 19 ] Online shopping, so, can non merely be a manner of easing shopping but besides a manner of garnering informations on client behavior. It is easy to see, in Sainsbury’s particularly, how such information is being used – the web site itself, for case, merely offers those merchandises that its client base has proven to devour and there is a installation for offering merchandises based on picks made in the yesteryear. This, along with the creative activity of on-line communities through forums and information exchange portals, forms the footing of Sainsbury’s client relationship plan. Conclusion – The Middle Ground Scenario As we have antecedently hinted at, Sainsbury’s can be seen to be a traditional company trying to set to a altering economic universe. Its historical presence in the high street has assured it is good known in the market topographic point ; nevertheless this presence has besides been a barrier to its ingraining into emerging engineerings such as the cyberspace. Initially, as we have discussed, its web site was seen as a failure, particularly when compared to its nearest challenger Tesco, nevertheless through a period of re-branding it was re-launched and exists today as one of the fastest turning sectors of the nucleus company’s concern. As this study has tried to asseverate, this was due, in the chief, to the acceptance of many market goaded direction determinations and schemes that attempted non merely to re-position its on-line service in the market topographic point – bridging the gulf between Tesco and Waitrose – but besides to put client demands and s atisfaction at the bosom of its operations. In this manner, as Zingale and Arndt ( 2001 ) province, its cyberspace arm is being seen as inextricably linked to the remainder of the concern, non merely trusting on the bing constructions of procurance and bringing but besides feeding back information and information analysis to let for continually alteration and transmutation. Market goaded direction affects all countries of an operation and we have traced this throughSainsbury’s Online, looking at procedures such as CRM, strategic pricing, demand analysis and client behavior. It is interesting to observe that Sainsbury’s cyberspace based services non merely represent many of the issues discussed but besides that acceptance of these schemes coincided with increased use of their web site and greater net incomes. The alterations in the manner Sainsbury’s viewed its online shopping operations are an interesting correlate to the manner it has shaped its ain market place in recent old ages – trying to offer its clients value that resides more in community and household than merely monetary value cuts. Mentions Books and Diaries Abram, J and Hawkes, P ( 2003 ) ,The Seven Myths of Consumer Management, London: John Wiley. Amin, A ( 1997 ) ,Post-Fordism: A Reader, London: Blackwell. 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Zingale, A and Arndt, M ( 2001 ) ,New Economy Emotion: Prosecuting Customer Passion with E-CRM, London: John Wiley Web sites hypertext transfer protocol: //www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.loyalty.co.uk/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sainsburys.co.uk/home.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.talkingretail.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescocorporate.com/ 1

Definition and Examples of Ethnic Dialects

Definition and Examples of Ethnic Dialects An ethnic dialect is the distinct form of a language spoken by members of a particular ethnic group. Also called socioethnic dialect. Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet Fuller point out that ethnic dialects are not simply foreign accents of the majority language, as many of their speakers may well be monolingual speakers of the majority language. . . . Ethnic dialects are ingroup ways of speaking the majority language (An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2015). In the United States, the two most widely studied ethnic dialects are  African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)  and Chicano English  (also known as Hispanic Vernacular English).   Commentary People who live in one place talk differently from people in another place due largely to the settlement patterns of that areathe linguistic characteristics of the people who settled there are the primary influence on that dialect, and the speech of most people in that area shares similar dialect features. However, . . . African American English is spoken primarily by Americans of African descent; its unique characteristics were due initially to settlement patterns as well but now persist due to the social isolation of African Americans and the historical discrimination against them. African American English is therefore more accurately defined as an ethnic dialect than as a regional one. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Ethnic Dialects in the U.S. The desegregation of ethnic communities is an ongoing process in American society that continually brings speakers of different groups into closer contact. However, the result of contact is not always the erosion of ethnic dialect boundaries. Ethnolinguistic distinctiveness can be remarkably persistent, even in face of sustained, daily inter-ethnic contact. Ethnic dialect varieties are a product of cultural and individual identity as well as a matter of simple contact. One of the dialect lessons of the twentieth century is that speakers of ethnic varieties like Ebonics not only have maintained but have even enhanced their linguistic distinctiveness over the past half century. (Walt Wolfram, American Voices: How Dialects Differ From Coast to Coast. Blackwell, 2006) Although no other ethnic dialect has been studied to the extent that AAVE has, we know that there are other ethnic groups in the United States with distinctive linguistic characteristics: Jews, Italians, Germans, Latinos, Vietnamese, Native Americans, and Arabs are some examples. In these cases the distinctive characteristics of English are traceable to another language, such as Jewish English oy vay from Yiddish or the southeastern Pennsylvania Dutch (actually German) Make the window shut. In some cases, the immigrant populations are too new to determine what lasting effects the first language will have on English. And, of course, we must always keep in mind that language differences never fall into discrete compartments even though it may seem that way when we try to describe them. Rather, such factors as region, social class, and ethnic identity will interact in complicated ways. (Anita K. Berry, Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education. Greenwood, 2002)

Unit 5 Individual project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 5 Individual project 2 - Essay Example Quality can be defined in relation to both technical excellence and humane approach. â€Å"By technical quality care we mean that the patient receives only the procedure tests, or services for which the desired health outcomes exceed the health risks by a sufficiently wide margin; and that each of these procedures or services is performed in a technically excellent manner. The second component of quality care is that all patients wish to be treated in a humane and culturally appropriate manner and be invited to participate fully in deciding about their therapy.† (Robert H.Brook et al). In short quality in health care is fundamentally based on the two above-mentioned factors. â€Å"Getting quality health care can help you stay healthy and recover faster when you become sick. However, we know that often people do not get high quality care. A 2004 study of 12 large US communities found that just over half (54.9%) of people were receiving the care they needed.† (AHRQ Homepage: ). Everywhere, people looking for health care confront the problem that there is no uniform standard to measure quality. Thus it has become imperative to measure quality of care offered by healthcare service providers. Therefore, with a view to help patients choose the right treatment most suited to their personal needs, more and more public and private groups are developing and using quality measures based on the principles of right health plan, the right doctor, the right treatment, the right hospital, the best long term facility. Thus it can be seen that quality measures make available the necessary information which patients can assimilate to help them take a right decision about their treatment. In order to ascertain quality there are certain available parameters such as process measure, outcome measures and structural measures. In order to determine which one of these is the best, a deeper and wider study is called for. Each satisfies certain requirements

Silt recycling companies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Silt recycling companies - Research Paper Example Volkmar, et al, (2005:43) noted that silt is formed from various weathering processes that result to the breakdown of weakened sand quartz crystals structures. In addition, sludge consists of substantial amounts of silt. There are various weathering processes involved in the breakdown of these crystals including chemical, biological and physical weathering processes. However, physical weathering is the most prevalent method of silt formation that occurs in artificial processes such as building, transport, grinding and construction, (Volkmar, et al, 2005: 59). Similarly, substantial amount of silt is formed from glacial movements and in deserts or semi arid regions (Agathos and Walter, 2005: 28). Importance of silt recycling Silt recycling is an important economic and environmental practice and many companies are currently engaged in the business. Silt is normally transported and deposited in water bodies such as lakes, dams, and rivers. According to Balata, Piazzi, and Benedetti (200 7:79), soil erosion especially in rural areas and construction industry in urban areas causes massive transportation of silt into water bodies. When the sediments are retained in the water bodies, they reduce the volume of water that could be stored in the water body and this causes diverse environmental, social, and economic problems. These include reduced capacity of producing hydroelectric power, flooding and lack of enough water to sustain the surrounding communities (Benbi, and Nieder, 2008: 43). In pastoral communities especially in dry areas, De’ Haas, et al (2005) noted that siltation in dams is one of the major cause of conflict. In addition, siltation in dams increases the cost of maintenance and water treatment. Consequently, water supply, fisheries and tourism are adversely affected. Moreover, silt deposits forms one of the most fertile regions for crop cultivation and some regions along major rivers such as river Nile and Mississippi are some of most important fo od producing parts in the world (Cerling, James, and Denise (2005). In this respect, silt recycling is important in order to enhance its economic importance and minimize the adverse environmental impacts. Many companies are currently engaged in silt recycling business because of environmental and economic reasons. Silt recycling provides an effective way of improving the health of agricultural soils and at the same time enhancing the capacity of water storage bodies. According to Benbi and Nieder, (2008: 38), the interactions between lands, water and human beings are highest in water bodies such as dams and the resulting sediments provides very high agricultural and ecological potentials. Because of the discovered potential, companies are increasingly recycling silt to improve agricultural capacity of soils, while at the same time enhancing the capacity of the water bodies to store water and serve their ecological and environmental functions. In addition, silt recycling provides com panies with the opportunity of reducing the environmental impact of the silt especially in regions where the soils has been contaminated by harmful chemicals and heavy metals (Sutherland, and Meyer, 2007: 91). In construction industry, silt is produced in large quantities and it presents serious storage and transportation problem. In such circumstances, silt-recycling companies in the construction industry make sand and coarse aggregates from silts and fines that are used in other

Sox Key Main Aspects for a Regulatory Environment Essay Example for Free

Sox Key Main Aspects for a Regulatory Environment Essay Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 by former president George Bush. Essentially to combat the Enron crisis. The Sox Act basically has regulatory control and creates an enviroment that is looking out for the public. Ideally this regulatory environment protects the public from fraud within corporations. Understanding, that while having this regulatory control at times the Sox requirements need to be tweaked or amended. Not only now but in the future as well. The main aspects of the Sox act are essentially looking out for our welfare as a consumer. Our government has the obligation to regulate and facilitate any rules to enforce with a corporation to protect the American people. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 came into its own in the summer of 2002. The act got its name from Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley. Essentially these two gentlemen were the founding fathers of this act. They set up the framework for compliance and regulatory controls. The Sox is formatted with 11 different titles, however for compliance regulations there are six important sections. These sections are; 302,401,404,409,802, and 906. Each one of these is the backbone of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. One section in particular is a key component to hold corporations accountable; that would be section 302 of the Sox act. Essentially making both the CEO and CFO sign off on all financial documents. This is huge for any company. The reason being it holds people accountable, which in any business is essential for its own sustainable success. If the CEO has to review every financial document and essentially is putting his career on the line and to avoid a jail term. Each financial document is going to be scrutinized by him before he signs off of the financials. Another important article of the six is section 401 of the Sox act. This act pertains to financial disclosers, and to make sure each one of these are accurate and has no mistakes or errors. Essentially everything needs to be documented and accounted for. Basically another check and balance to assure that the financials are done right and the people doing them are held accountable. Article 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley act is another article that is a huge key in regulatory compliance. This article is defined as Assessment of Internal controls. Essentially making companies or corporations publish information about their controls and procedures for financial reporting. Article 409 is another key component to the Sox act. This article is defined by Real Time Issuer disclosures. Essentially a company or corporation is required to disclose portent financial information to the public if there is a sudden change to their financial condition or something within the operational realm. Also when this is disclosed it has to be done in layman terms for everyone to understand. Another key step in holding people accountable and regulating companies or corporations. The one article that everyone will pay attention too is section 802. This is the criminal penalty section. This section is defined by Criminal Penalties for altering documents. Essentially stating that any destruction, falsifying or hiding and not disclosing any financial information is punishable by a 20-year prison sentence, fines and various penalties. Another step of accountability in relation to section 302; a CEO is subjected to these terms and does so willingly when he signs financial documents. Another check in the system is the accountant who is providing the CEO with these documents is also held accountable by a 10-year prison term. This is great for accountability within an organization. Now the question would be for the future can the Sarbanes-Oxley Act work? And what are the ramifications in a long-term projection? In some ways I feel this act could be sustainable in a long-term scope to keep companies  and corporations in check. However I think this was created after the Enron situation and purely done because of that. Our government instead of being proactive was reactive and came up with this act for pure necessity and panic and public outcry. However even if that’s the case, this did at least set a framework and accountability for companies and corporations. Going forward this has worked for at least 10 years or so, however it should ratified to more current times and situations. Clayton Brite tends to agree with me; â€Å"When looking back upon the first ten years of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, one can only conclude that it has placed an undue burden our public companies and stifled our economic growth. The Act’s costs have greatly outweighed its benefits and thus needs reformed. Its effects have been perhaps more pronounced by the current financial crisis and the slow economic recovery. It is my opinion that lawmakers felt the pressure to punish corporate Americans when they should have focused their attention on trying to reduce information asymmetry. Sarbanes-Oxley was written and passed within one month in 2002. With the empirical evidence we have now in its first decade of existence, it is time to go back and reform Sarbanes-Oxley and ease some of the burdens it has placed on companies which fall under its punitive purview, (Brite, 2013)†. So essentially I feel this act is not going away. I like the act and the fact people are held accountable for their actions. I like the sign off by the CEO and how they are held accountable as well. I think in some respects the Sox at should be modified and possibly have harsher penalties applied to assure that Enron will never happen again. We shall see moving forward! References Addison-Hewitt Associates. (2006). A Guide To The Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Retrieved from http://www.soxlaw.com/ Investopedia ,(2014). Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002-SOX. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/ Rouse, Margret. (2007). Definition of Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Retrieved from http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Sarbanes-Oxley-Act Brite, Clayton. (2013). Is Sarbanes-Oxley A Failing Law? University of Chicago Undergraduate Law Review. Retrieved from; http://uculr.com/articles/2013/6/30/is-sarbanes-oxley-a-failing-law

Real Time Article :: essays research papers

The term's misuse creates misunderstanding both inside organizations and out in the market. Real time is expensive. Creating and managing technology applications that operate in real time require a lot of infrastructure, people, and processing power. These are unnecessary if you don't mind if an action occurs "just in time" or "some time later on." A few examples: Â · Real-time analytics and reporting. Does it matter? Depends on the use. For people only concerned with strategy insights, such as paths different visitors types take, or those focused on use of different navigation tools, real time is meaningless. If no action you can take in real time changes the user experience, then time and money spent to get information faster is overkill. The extra information is probably a distraction. If you're an editor and constantly adjust stories and headlines to respond to audience interest, then real-time data can make a difference. It may be a worthwhile investment. Bottom line, real-time analytics are good for tactical applications, overkill for strategic ones. Â · Real-time actionability. As with the above example, this matters if the desired action is tactical. Would very fresh information help someone or something take an action at the same time? If resulting actions are strategic only and not intended to be taken at the same instant the information is created, then real time is wasted technology. You don't need real-time audience information if you only use it at a weekly meeting to discuss behavior trends. Â · Real-time personalization. In personalization, real time is essential. If you want to personalize content for individual visitors, such as weather or commerce recommendations, you must do it in real time. You can't wait minutes or hours to update pages. Visitors won't be there anymore. You can't personalize content without recognizing users and changing content the moment they arrive. Of course, this can be quite expensive. Those with content management systems with personalization have a special appreciation for the processing and data management costs associated with real-time actions at scale. Â · Real-time ad segmentation and targeting. Another example of where real time can really matter. Ad targeting is a very frontline, tactical operation. If you want to deliver a specific ad to a specific type of person, you must identify the person and deliver the ad in real time. To deliver automotive ads to people who viewed automotive content, no matter where they go on the site, you must target as soon as they visit automotive content.

Inventory Management on Performance

DECLARATION I, Lucy Lakot, do declare hereby that this proposal is my original work and that it has not been submitted for an award of a diploma or a degree in any institution of higher learning anywhere. Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPROVAL This is to satisfy that this research proposal is written under my supervision and is now ready for submission to the Faculty of business and development studies (FBDS) Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mr. Mshilla Maghanga DEDICATION I dedicate this proposal to my late mother, Mrs Adong Santina, my father, Mr.Pungole, my brother Okello Innocent, late Okello Alex, my beloved sister Alal Cavin, Atenyo Nighty, Aol Grace and Lucy Lakot TA BLE OF CONTENTS Contents Pages DECLARATIONi APPROVALii DEDICATIONiii TABLE OF CONTENTSiv LISTS OF ABBREVATIONS/ACRONYMSviii LIST OF TABLESix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION1 1. 0Introduction1 1. 1Background1 1. 3Purpose of the Study3 1. 4Objectives of the Study4 1. 5Research Questions4 1. 6Scope of the Study4 1. 6. 1Geographical scope4 1. 6. 2Subject Scope5 1. 6. 3Time Scope5 1. 7 Significance of the Study5 1. Structure of the Research Proposal6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW7 2. 0Introduction7 2. 1The Concept of Inventory Management7 2. 2Techniques of Inventory Management in Organization8 2. 2. 1First In First Out (FIFO)8 2. 2. 2Last In Fast Out (LIFO)9 2. 2. 3Weighted Average9 2. 2. 4The Re Order Level System (ROL)/ Fixed Order Point System9 2. 2. 5The Periodic Review System/ Fixed Interval10 2. 2. 6The Economic Order Quantity Analysis (EOQ)10 2. 2. 7The ABC Analysis10 2. 2. 8Just In Time Technique10 2. 3Principles of Good Inventory Management11 2. 3. Cleanliness and Organization11 2. 3 . 2The Principles of Stock Rotation12 2. 3. 3Tracking12 2. 4Organizational Performance12 2. 4. 1Indicators of Performance14 2. 4. 2Social Responsibility15 2. 4. 3Strategic Cost Management15 2. 4. 4Information Sharing15 2. 4. 5Flexibility16 2. 5Relationship between Inventory Management and Performance16 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY18 3. 0Introduction18 3. 1Research Design18 3. 2Area of study18 3. 3Target population18 3. 4Population and Sample Size19 3. 4. 1Procedures of Data Collection20 3. 4. 2Sample Technique20 . 5 Data Sources20 3. 5. 1Primary Data21 3. 5. 2Secondary Data21 3. 6Data Collection methods21 3. 6. 1Questionnaires21 3. 6. 2Observation guide22 3. 6. 3Interview guide22 3. 7 Data Processing and Analysis22 3. 7. 1Data Analysis and Management22 3. 8Ethical Considerations23 3. 9Limitation of the Study23 REFERENCE25 APPENDICES27 APENDIX 1: WORK PLAN 201227 APENDIX 2: BUDGET ESTIMATES28 APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONAIRE INSTRUMENTS29 SECTION A: Demographic Characteristic29 SECTION B: Tech niques of inventory management in Anaka General Hospital? 0 SECTION C: Indicator of the organizational performance31 SECTION D: The relationship between inventory management and organizational performance33 SECTION E: Evaluation of the factors that affects the performance of Anaka General Hospital34 LISTS OF ABBREVATIONS/ACRONYMS AGHAnaka General Hospital AVSIAssociazione Volontari Peril Servizio Internationale DHODistrict Health Officer EOQEconomic Order Quantity FIFOFirst in First out LIFOLast in First out MSMedical Superintendent NDLGNwoya District Local Government PHCPrimary Health CareROLReorder Level SWOTStrength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat WHOWorld Health Organization LIST OF TABLES Table 1: 3 The researcher samples sizes CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. 0Introduction This chapter highlights the inventory management and performance in general public Hospital case study of Anaka General Hospital Nwoya District. This chapter gives the background to the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, scope of the study, significance of the study and report structure. . 1Background Anaka General Hospital (AGH) was constructed in 1969 and opened in 1974 by the president of the Government of Uganda at that time. It is a district Hospital with 100 bed capacity, it is the referral facility and head quarter for Nwoya Health sub district. It provides all primary health care services (PHC), for examples curative, preventive, promotive and rehabilitation to Anaka sub-county and referral to the entire district.The vision is to improve the health of the people of Nwoya district in order to promote a healthy and productive population In early profits and non-profit making organizations, inventories constitute an important element in the management of the organization. The need for inventory management is influenced by the capacity of managing decisions since the existence of inventories will be determined by the ca pacity management strategies which are to be employed ( Wild, 1995).Inventory management refers to the organizational efforts and procedures aimed at protecting the firm from extensive or inadequate levels of inventories and to maintain sufficient inventory for smooth production and sales (Pandey, 2003). Inventory management in Anaka General Hospital stores focuses on how many units of each inventory items are to be held in stock, how much should be issued at a given time and at what point should inventory be issued and dispatched ( Johns, 2002).For effective management of inventories, co-operation of the various departments in the organization is required. The departments vary from organization to another but they usually involve the purchasing department as the most important although each of which has a role to play in coordination amongst themselves to facilitate efficient and smooth process of ordering, receiving, issuing and usage of materials is required (White, 1997).When in ventories are properly managed, it leads to increased production hence improved organizational performance. Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against its intended outputs or goals and objectives. According to Richard et al. (2009) organizational performance encompasses three specific areas of a firm outcome: financial performance, product market performance, and shareholder return.In recent years, many organizations have attempted to manage organizational performance using the balanced scorecard methodology where performance is tracked and measured in multiple dimensions such as: In recent years, many organizations have attempted to manage organizational performance using the balanced scorecard methodology where performance is tracked and measured in multiple dimensions such as:- customer service , social responsibility and employee stewardship Although the Balanced Scorecard has become very popular, there is no single v ersion of the model that has been universally accepted.The diversity and unique requirements of different enterprises suggest that no one-size-fits-all approach will ever do the job. Performance measurement is the use of statistical evidence to determine progress towards specific defined organizational objectives. There are many types of measurements. In school, exams are graded to establish the academic abilities; in sports, time is clocked in split seconds to verify the athletic abilities. Similarly in organizations, there are various tools and measurements to determine how well it performs.Gamble, Strickland and Thompson (2007, p. 99) provide a comprehensive method for measuring performance of organizations. How well each company performs is dependent on the strategic plan. Some of the measurements include basic financial ratios such as debt-to-equity ratio and if the levels are an issue with creditworthiness. 1. 2Statement of the Problem Inventory management is concerned with th e management of inventories that are crucial for the efficient and effective running of an organization.However, even if Anaka General Hospital is practicing good inventory management techniques/practices, it has continuously failed to meet the expectations of its customers that is to say the patients in the hospitals and the health centers it serves (The District Board of Survey Report 2011). These facts may be due to untimely delivery of medical supplies, poor quality of the medical supplies as well as employing incompetent workers who lack skills and the knowledge required.This has impacted on the general performance of the Hospital negatively; therefore it is upon this basis that encourages the researcher to carry out an investigation into this anomaly hence prompting the research. 1. 3Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to find out whether inventory management affects performance in Anaka General Hospital, Nwoya district 1. 4Objectives of the Study The specific obj ectives of the study will be: 1. To find out the techniques used in inventory management in Anaka General Hospital, Nwoya District 2.To establish the levels of performance in Anaka General Hospital, Nwoya District 3. To examine the relationship between inventory management and performance in Anaka General Hospital, Nwoya District 1. 5Research Questions In order to arrive at the above set objectives, the study will focus on the following research questions. 1. What are the techniques used in inventory management in Anaka General Hospital? 2. What are the levels of performance in Anaka General Hospital? 3. What is the relationship between inventory management and performance in Anaka General Hospital? 1. 6Scope of the Study . 6. 1Geographical scope The study will be carried in Anaka General Hospital Nwoya district. This is chosen because the researcher stays within Anaka Town Council and it’s cheaper in terms of transport and accommodation. 1. 6. 2Subject Scope The study will c over the important aspects in the variables under the study by taking into account the techniques of inventory management, importance of inventory management and the indicators of performance in Anaka General Hospital 1. 6. 3Time Scope The study will be undertaken within a period of five months ranging from February 2012-June 2012.This time is chosen to provide a good cut for the attainment and access to the most recent data on inventory management and performance in Anaka General Hospital. 1. 7 Significance of the Study The study is expected to benefit and contribute through the following ways. 1. The study is part of the partial requirements for the award of a Bachelor Degree in Business Administration in Gulu University 2. The study will also help the researcher to widen the understanding of the relationship between inventory management and its associated costs and will help in acquiring more knowledge in the variable under study. . The study may also act as a basis for future re search in the field of inventory management and performance. 4. The study may help policy makers in coming up with the procedures and strategies in inventory management and performance. 1. 8Structure of the Research Proposal Chapter one contains the introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study and scope of the study.Chapter two contains the review of relevant literature that has been advanced by different writers in the field of inventory management and performance with the aim of finding the relationship between the two variables. Chapter three consists of descriptions of how the study will be conducted that is, introduction, research design, sampling design, sample size, sampling population, sources of data, data collection methods, data processing analysis and interpretation and limitations to the study.CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0Introduction This chapter prese nts the existing literature in the field of inventory management and performance . Here the concept of inventory management is defined according to different authors, techniques of inventory management, principles of inventory management, organizational performance, indicators of performance and the relationship between inventory management and performance are presented among others. 2. 1The Concept of Inventory ManagementInventory management refers to the organizational efforts and procedures aimed at protecting the firm from excessive and inadequate levels of inventories and to maintain sufficient inventories for the smooth production (Pandey, 2003). Inventory management is concerned essentially with the use and control of inventories. The need for inventory is influenced by capacity decisions since the existence of inventories will in parts be determined by the capacity management strategies which are to be employed ( Wild, 2002).According to Gilbert et al (2000) inventory manage ment has been defined in terms of an organization that aims at determining the range of qualities of materials and products, which should be stocked, and the regulation of the receipts and issues of materials. He further noted that inventory management must ensure that the business has the right quantity of goods in the right place and at the right time under inventory management, efforts should be made or placed at the right time, with the right quantity, with the right quality at the right place.Broadly Lysons (2002) defines inventory as raw materials, work in progress and finished good. Inventory management aim at providing both internal and external customers with the required service levels in terms of quality and order fill rate, ascertaining present and further arrangements for all types of inventory to avoid over stocking while avoiding bottlenecks in production and costs to a minimum by variety reductions, economic sizes and analysis of costs incurred in obtaining and carry ing inventories.For effective management of inventories, it requires the co-operations of the various departments in the way the organization handles its inventories. The responsibility of managing work in progress and finished products may be with the material control department equally it could line some other section within the organization (Muhleman, 2000). According to Gupta (2001) inventory management is described as the process that involves fixing the minimum and maximum inventory levels, determining the size of the inventory to be carried at a given time and the issue price policy. 2. 2Techniques of Inventory Management in OrganizationAccording to Nixon (2008), inventory management techniques include; 2. 2. 1First In First Out (FIFO) This method often referred to as (FIFO) is based on assumption that the first inventory acquired is the first inventory sold or issued out. In otherwise each sale is made out of the oldest inventories in stock. The ending inventories there for consists of the most recent cost which may be adopted by any business regardless of whether or not the physical flow of merchandise actually corresponds to this assumption of selling the oldest units in stock. 2. 2. 2Last In Fast Out (LIFO)This method is based on the principle that materials entering store/production unit are the most recently purchased. This means materials issued to production are prized/issued using the most recent purchased price, the batch of goods purchased most recently are issued first. The closing stock is therefore valued at the oldest purchase price. 2. 2. 3Weighted Average According to the institute of management Accounting (London) weighted average cost is calculated by dividing total of materials in the sock from which the materials to priced or issued would be drown by the total quantity of materials in stock.When the average costing method is used, the cost figures determined for the ending inventories are influenced by the various price paid during the year. The price paid early at the year may carry as much weight in pricing the ending inventories as a price paid at the end of the year. If the price has been rising during the year, the average unite cost will be less than the current cost prevailing at the balance sheet date. 2. 2. The Re Order Level System (ROL)/ Fixed Order Point System The reorder level is the level at which a replenishment order should be placed in order that delivery is when the minimum level is reached. Orders for the same fixed quantity will be required whenever it becomes necessary to do so. The frequency with which orders are made changes according to the level of demand, ROL system has the following characteristic; a pre determined level is set for each item. When the stock level falls to the ROL, a replenishment order is issued. Organizations operating this system maintain stock records with calculated re order levels.The re order system has three control levels, the ROL which was already defined, the maximum stock level which a level above which stock should not normally rise and the minimum stock level which is a level below which sock should not be allowed to fall. It is also known as safety sock or buffer stock. Incase stock is to fall below this level, stoppage is likely to occur. 2. 2. 5The Periodic Review System/ Fixed Interval This system is sometimes called the constant cycle system. The stock will be reviewed at regular fixed intervals to determine whether more should be ordered.An order will be raised for the required quantity. The system as the following characteristics; stock levels of all parts are reviewed at fixed interval for example every 2 weeks, where necessary, a replenishment order is issued, the quantity of the replenishment order is not a previously calculated economic order quantity but is based up on the likely demand until the next review, the present stock level and lead time. The replenishment order quantity seeks to bring stock up to a pre determ ined level. 2. 2. 6The Economic Order Quantity Analysis (EOQ)EOQ is a model that is used to decide optimum order size of the sock which will minimize the costs of ordering and holding cost. It is a deterministic type of model which assumes that all parameters (factors) are known with certainty. It assumes ordering and holding costs are known with certainty. There is a spontaneous delivery (no time lag between ordering and receiving) of items. The rate of demand is known and the demand period is normally assumed to be one year. There is unknown constant price per unit and all other factors are held constant. 2. 2. 7The ABC AnalysisThis relates to the classification of materials in the store. Materials are classified according to their importance. Group A are crucial for organizational performance, if there were a shortage of such material, production shortage would occur, they represent 70% of investment in inventory. Group B may not be crucial and they may not disrupt production act ivities but still they are also important. They normally represent 20% of investment in the inventory. Group C are materials which may be necessary for a firms production activities but are not so important.They normally represent 10% of investment in inventory. 2. 2. 8Just In Time Technique Here items of very high value that are frequently used, it makes sense to attempt to keep low or possibly no inventory of these items and instead get frequent deliveries possibly on a daily basis. The objective is to avoid tying lots of money in stock (working capital). Organization will need to find extremely reliable suppliers of defect free product who are just in time oriented. Just in time is based on pull concept, where by suppliers wait for a signal from their customers before they deliver or replenish.According to the study carried out by AVSI in 2005 inventory management techniques being used at the moment especially in areas of storage, and supply to medical supplies in Anaka General H ospital is a mixture of techniques . Stock brought today may be mixed up with already existing stock and when giving out stock to the clients, it does not matter which stock comes first either the old stock or the new stock. 2. 3Principles of Good Inventory Management In the business world, not everyone follows good principles that aid in their success.However, the principles of inventory management cannot be ignored if the organization expects to maintain a quality business with a good reputation for always being able to assist a customer. Employing good principles is the best way to profit in any industry because it keeps the organization a float in a world. Principles maintain organizational quality and responsibility to a project and to aspects that are most important in the inventory management (Graham, 2000). 2. 3. 1Cleanliness and Organization This principle of inventory management is simple and easy to follow, if the organization simply makes it a point to do so.For example, one of the top priorities in inventory management is to maintain a clear organized store in which all items are properly stored and labeled. This is important for several reasons. Cleanliness is important for an organization, staff and products the store (Lee, 2001). The organized storage and labeling allows easy location and order pull of stock or any item in the warehouse without any difficulty in searching. 2. 3. 2The Principles of Stock Rotation If the organization employees good principles of inventory management it will be certain to rotate the stock, selling through order stock before delivering into new shipments.This will ensure that the organization always has fresh products and doesn’t lose money by having to write off old items (Gary, 2002). 2. 3. 3Tracking Keeping careful track of all the items in the warehouse is one of the best principles of inventory management. Obviously, one can benefit greatly by employing just a few basic principles of inventory managemen t in the organization work place. The more the organization work towards running a tight ship, the better off the organization will be as managers and the more profitable your department in business will be. 2. Organizational Performance According to Stonner (2002) organizational performance is the measure of how effective and efficient an organization is and how well it achieves the appropriate objectives. It involves the assessment of achievements of organizational objectives and planning for the future change. That is it involves the identification of major issues and solutions relating to one or more areas such as organizational strategy, human resource strategy, human resource policies, organizational structure design, staff skills mix and communication channel.Problems of this nature can significantly limit organizational performance and development (Deloitte, 2006). Armstrong (2000) defined organizational performance as a state of degree of how an organization is governed in relation to the organizational goals; its capacity to successfully implement set objectives in order for it to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. Organizational performance is therefore a process; it can be positive or negative. Negative organizational performance is a degree in which an organization deviates from its set goals and objectives during the implementation of the short term and long term goals.For organizational performance to be positively achieved, management should set short term and specific goals that can be feasible as well as able to guide long term goals. An organizational budget estimate should be tailored to meet its goals and objectives by identifying and removing obstacles during the implementation of the estimates. Pandey (2002) defined performance as the financial strength and weakness of a firm by properly establishing a link between the balance sheet and income statement.He further argued that performance entails effectiveness which refers t o the firm’s ability to serve and produce what is required by the market at a particular time effectively, which refers to the firm’s ability to serve and produce what is required by the market at a particular time effectively, which refers to the firm’s ability to serve and produce what’s required by the market at a particular time effectively which means meeting the objectives of the lower possible cost with the highest benefit.Kotler (2002) stated that performance measures must focus attention on what makes identities and communicates the driver of success, support organizational learning and provide basis for assessment and rewards. He further lamented that it can be looked at in terms of competitive feasibility resource utilization and annotations. When seeking to improve the performance of an organization it is very helpful to regularly conduct assessments of current performance of the organization.Assessment might be planned, systematic and explici t (these often are the best kinds of assessments) or un planned SWOT analysis diagnosis models without recognizing or referring to them as such. Along with comparison of results to various best practices or industry standards (Pearce, 2000). The organization is used to an ongoing performance management for employees, for example setting goals, monitoring the employee’s achievement of those goals, sharing feedback with the employee, evaluating the employee performance, rewarding performance or firing the employees.Performance management applies to organizations too and includes recurring activities to establish organizational goals, monitor progress towards the goals and make adjustment to achieve those goals more effectively and efficiently. Those recurring activities are much of what leaders and managers inherently do in their organizations some do them far better than others. 2. 4. 1Indicators of Performance The key performance indicator is a measure of performance, such me asures are commonly used to help an organization define and evaluate how successful it is typically in terms of making progress towards its long term organizational goals.The performance indicator may be monitored using the business intelligence techniques to assess the present state of the business and to assist in prescribing a course of action (Frank, 1998). The act of monitoring the performance indicators in real term is known as business activity monitoring. The key performance indicators are frequently used to value difficulties in measuring activities such as the benefits of leadership development, engagement service and satisfaction they are typically tied to an organization’s strategy using concepts or techniques such as balanced stored card (Quinn, 2000).The key performance indicators differ depending on the nature of the organization and the organization’s strategy. They help to evaluate the process of an organization towards its vision and long term goals e specially towards difficulties in quantifying knowledge based goals. The performance indicators differ from business drivers and aims or goals. A school might consider the failure rate of its students as a key performance indicator which might help the school under its position in the education community where as a business might consider the percentage of income from customers.Therefore, the indicators of performance include; 2. 4. 2Social Responsibility These are values that guide people in organizations and corporate. Culture that embodies those values and values held by people outside the organization (Robert, 2000). He further says that social responsibility makes people buy a product from a company because of the company’s good reputation. Stonner, (2000), states that corporate culture can be a strong force for organizational performance. 2. 4. 3Strategic Cost ManagementAccording to Pearce (2000) modern businesses strategically manage their costs through identifying cos ts and drivers, developing appropriate process and strategies aimed at reducing or eliminating the costs so as to enhance business performance. 2. 4. 4Information Sharing Quinn (2000) said that improved decision making and performance efficiently is due to realistic informed and detailed information sharing. He further asserts that outcomes of the relationship and interactive feedback are used o make improvements. 2. 4. 5Flexibility Flexibility of an organization is yet another determinant of performance. This means ability to manage change in a business. The increased performance of any organization is reflected in its ability to make changes without and delay. This flexibility can take a form of development needs continuous update of information or improved technology. Therefore, lack of flexibility in an organization’s activities will reflect reduced profits. 2. Relationship between Inventory Management and Performance It was observed that inventory management in organizat ions has a positive significant relationship with performances whereby when all the materials and inventories are properly managed; they lead to increased levels of efficiency and effectiveness that will help indecision making from the organization. According to a study conducted about inventory management by Karamagi (2004), on bank of Uganda, with the introduction of computerized system the overall management of stock has improved with regards to monitoring, reconciliation and reordering and requisition thus performance.Accordingly, inventory management has helped in tracking record process so that stocks are available all the time so that there are no stock outs and for emergency purposes. Receipts and issues are posted directly and automatically on to the system other than stock cards. Akers and Porter (2001) included that the use of inventory management at any level of an organization can have implications for competitive advantage. At the highest echelons of an organization, t he inventory management is crucial to successful strategic planning.Duff (2001) and Mitskavick (2000) also reported that at the operational level, availability of inventory can result in increased organizational efficiencies such as increased sales, decreased inventory, increased customer service, shortened production lead times and lowered labour costs. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3. 0Introduction This chapter discusses the research design, area of the study, target population and methods to be used by researcher to gather information, study population, sampling size and procedures, data collection tools, data analysis and limitations of the study. 3. 1Research DesignA research design is a plan to carry out a research project/ it is a pattern the research is going to follow/it is the overall plan or strategy for conducting the research. Oso and Onen, 2005 pg 69). For this research purpose, qualitative, quantitative and descriptive research designs will be used. The rationale for sel ection of the designs above is that case study uses smaller samples for in-depth analysis other than covering the entire population; the design is also multi model, concrete and contextual in nature. 3. 2Area of study This research is going to be carried out in Anaka General Hospital, Nwoya district. . 3Target population The study will target the following category of people: – medical superintendant, doctors, store keepers and other employees. They are chosen because of their day today mandate and interface with inventory management issues and Performance in Anaka General Hospital 3. 4Population and Sample Size Aggarwal (1988:14) stated that the term population in research refers to a universe of interest to the study. A population is the group to which a researcher would like the results of a study to be generalisable and make reference to a specific situation or context.The study will include medical superintendant, doctors, store keepers, District Health Officer, nurses, other employees and selected patients and other employees. A number of 54 respondents will be expected to be given the questionnaires and or interviewed. The medical superintendant, doctors, storekeepers, employees and patients will be chosen because they are the people expected to be having enough experience as partners to the field of inventory management in Anaka General Hospital Table 1: 3 Showing the sample sizes S/NO| RESSPONDENTS| NUMBER| 1| Medical superintendent| 1| 2| Doctors| 2| 3| District Health officer| 1| | Store keeper| 2| 5| Nurses| 12| 6| Other employees(Dentist, Pharmacy, Administrator, Record Assistant, Laboratory Assistant, Darkroom Attendant)| 24| 7| Patient| 12| | TOTAL| 54| Sources: Source: Researchers’ proposed sample size 3. 4. 1Procedures of Data Collection This will be based on purposive sampling; According to Shaughnessy and Zechmeister (1997:139) purposive sampling is where the investigator selects individuals to be included in the sample on the basis of their special characteristics. This method shall be used by the researcher to obtain respondents who have some knowledge on the subject matter.Purposive sampling design will be used to choose the area in which the study will be conducted because of the proximity to the researcher in views of time and fund constraints. The study will purposely be based at Anaka medical stores serving in this case as service provider and the community as patients/consumers. 3. 4. 2Sample Technique The researcher will employ systematic random sampling to carry out the study. Systematic random sampling will be used to select the category of respondents to be Included in the sample. The purpose of using this technique is to avoid being bias in the Selection of respondents.Systematic random samplings requires establishing the number from the population List in the camp then later identify every nth member in the population from the Randomized list of the population. This technique will group the population sampled into Separate identical subjects with equal chances that share similar or same characteristics to Ensure equitable representation of the population in the sample. This technique is Preferred because it selects without bias. It also saves time and Money. 3. 5 Data Sources The data source shall compromise of the following; 3. 5. Primary Data The researcher shall collect fresh data and for the first time which will be original in nature from Anaka General Hospital stores and will directly be obtained from the filled records. 3. 5. 2Secondary Data The researcher will review literature which contains the data that has been collected by some other people but relevant to the researcher’s topic of the study for instance from magazines, journals, text books and internet sources. 3. 6Data Collection methods Data from the field will be obtained by use of combination of the following data collection methods.The researcher will use questionnaires, interview and document analysis as the main tool for collecting data. The selection of this tool will be guided by the nature of data to be collected. 3. 6. 1Questionnaires Questionnaires will be used since the research is mainly with variables that cannot be directly observed such as views, opinions, perceptions and feelings of the respondents. Such information is best collected through questionnaires. The sample size comprise of (54) Respondents and given the time constraints, questionnaires is the ideal tool for collecting data.The researcher intends to use categorized instrument that is both open and closed questions and optional responses. This will enable the researcher to balance between quality and quantity of data. It will also simplify data analysis and coming out with clear report on the study. 3. 6. 2Observation guide This will be employed by the researcher to collect information from Anaka General Hospital by observing how the drugs are issued to the respective users and how they are stocked in the stores. 3. 6. 3Interview guide Data shall be collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.Colin (1993:47) stated that â€Å"a guide can be directed on a given set of predetermined questions†. The researcher used an in-depth interview guide to gather information about the study. The in-depth interview approach is relevant because of the sensitivity of the issues being studied which required in-depth exploration. This will be conducted by the researcher to probe for more information in a face to face discussion with the Anaka General Hospital management. This will target the doctors and storekeepers at the Hospital 3. 7 Data Processing and Analysis 3. 7. 1Data Analysis and ManagementData analysis is defined as â€Å"a process of inspecting data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making†. Data shall be obtained from detailed field notes and written data collected through questionnair es. The analysis shall involve the organization of data into themes by searching for patterns emerging from data collected. The information from the questionnaires shall be written and presented by researcher as provided by the respondents. This data shall be used by the researcher to provide a descriptive analysis of the respondents’ understanding of store management.The findings will later be analyzed using Micro soft Excel to present the data in term of percentages using pie-charts and bar graph. This will be useful in displaying pattern in the collected data, and these patterns were used to make generalization on the basis of recommendation made. 3. 8Ethical Considerations The research topic was first approved by faculty of Business and Development Studies of Gulu University research committee . The researcher will then obtain a letter of introduction from Gulu University which will be presented to the District Health Officer Nwoya District and Medical superintendent of A naka General Hospital.All respondents will be informed about the purpose of the study, their freedom to participant, and also assured of confidentiality, the researcher also promise to provide copies of his finding to the University and the MS, DHO of Anaka General Hospital 3. 9Limitation of the Study The following are the anticipated limitations; Some respondents may intend to withhold information for fear of exposing their incompetence. This will be overcomed by, assuring them of confidentiality of the information that they also stand to benefit if implementation of the recommendation of the study are taken.There may be inadequate inventory control record for review by the researcher, more so because the Hospital does not even used electronic databases. To bridge the gap, interview and discussion will be used to identify and explain the missing or inaccurate data respectively. Financial constraint may also disturb the researcher since he is self-sponsored and to reduce the cost, t he researcher will undertake some activities such as typing, binding the research proposal, the questionnaires, the interview schedules.Time is a limitation in that the frame for submitting the search proposal is short considering the size of departments and the distance of Anaka General Hospital its 56KM from Gulu town and some respondents may delay completing of questionnaires due to their personal commitment and these may slow down the compilation of data. To prevent these, the researcher will engage a research assistant to speed up data collection. REFERENCE Aggarwal, Y. P. (1988). Better Sampling: Concepts, Techniques, Evaluation. Sterling Publishers Private Limited, India.Board of survey report, Nwoya district local government 2011Duff (2000) Automated Accounting in modern times, Ms Graw Hill, inventory control Frank Gamble, Strickland and Thompson (2007) Environmental impacts, focus on improving landscape performance Akers and Porter (2001), the relationship between GSCM prac tice and performance, JIT approach to inventory management | Gilbert et al (2000), from computing journal of introduction system management, Vol 34, No 25, PP 23-28 Graham et al (2006), financial management 2nd edition, Viskas publishing house put limited Gray John (2000), Organizational behavior 4th edition, Prentince Hall, Great Britain Karamagi. H. 2004), Inventory management and profitability in business organization Kenneth Lysons (2000) purchasing and supply chain management, 5th edition, person Education: London Kotler. P. (2002), Principle of marketing, 7th edition, Pearson London Muhleman (2000), production and operations management 2nd edition, MC Graw Hill New York Oso and Onen 2005, a guide in writing research proposal and report Pandy. I. M, (2003), financial management, 8th edition, MC Graw Hill, Great Britain Ray wild (2002), implementing effective management: Inc Oracle Corporations (2002), www. oracle. com Richard Mcclelan (2009) inventory management system Shaughne ssy, J. J and Zechmeister, E. B (1997). Research Methods in Psychology, 4th Edition.The McGraw – Hill Companies, Inc. United States of America Stonner et al (2003), Principle and practice of management, 8th edition White 1997, Optimization Engine for Inventory Control†, white paper from Golden Embryo †¦ [ web page], Bogazici University 1997 www. freepatentsonline. com APPENDICES APENDIX 1: WORK PLAN 2012 PHASE/ACTIVITY| Jan| Feb| Mar| Apr| May| Jun| Jul| Responsible person| Developing synthesis | | | | | | | | Researcher and supervisor| Developing a proposal| | | | | | | | Researcher and supervisor| Developing and piloting of instrument| | | | | | | | Researcher and supervisor| Data collection| | | | | | | | Researcher |Data organization, analysis and interpretation| | | | | | | | Researcher and supervisor| Typing, editing/report submission| | | | | | | | Researcher| APENDIX 2: BUDGET ESTIMATES S/NO| ITEMS| DESCRIPTION| PRICE| ESTIMATED AMOUNT| | Stationeries| | | | | Rim of papers| 2| 20,000| 40,000| | Pens| 10| 500| 5,000| | Flask disk| 1| 70,000| 70,000| | Typing and Printing| | | 200,000| | Binding| | | 60,000| | PERSONNEL| | | | | Research Assistant| 1| | 50,000| | Communication| | | 60,000| | Meals| | | 80,000| | TOTAL| | | 565,000| APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONAIRE INSTRUMENTS Dear Respondent I am Ocen Alfred Ayella a third year student of Business Administration of Gulu University.Currently I am undertaking a research study about â€Å"Inventory management and organizational performance†, A case of Anaka General Hospital. The purpose of the study is to enable me to obtain a Bachelor of Business Administration Degree from Gulu University. The information provided shall not only be for academic purposes but also to improve on the services delivery in success of inventory management and organizational performance in Anaka General Hospital Nwoya district. The information that you will give will be strictly confidential Instruction * Tick wh ere options are given * Fill in the space provided * Be as objective as possible SECTION A: Demographic Characteristic 1. Name (optional) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. What is your gender?Male Female 3. In which age bracket do you fall? Below 18 years 20-29 years 30-39 years above 40 years 4. Marital status? Single Married Divorced SeparatedWidowed 5. Highest level of education attained? Non O and A level Certificate Diploma Degree Postgraduate Master PHD 6. Current job position held at Anaka General Hospital? Medical superintendentDoctorDistrict Health officer Store keeper A NurseLaboratory AssistantPatientOther specify †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7. How long have you been in this position? Below 2 years 3 years and above 5 years and above SECTION B:Techniques of inventory management in Anaka General Hospital? 8. What kind of inventory management do you have in the Hospital? Fixing minimum levels Maximum inventory levels Determine size of inventory All the above 9. Which techniques do you use in managing inventory? Stock rotation, just in time Last in first out (LIFO) First in First out (FIFO) Economic order quantity Weighted averages The periodic review system All the above 10. Is just in time techniques more important as pertain to inventory management? Yes No If yes, state your opinion how is it important? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11.The principle of good inventory management include (Tick all that apply) Cleanliness of the organization The principle of stock rotation Tracking All the above 12. What measures are used to improved inventory management in Anaka General Hospital? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13. The strategy that helps the Hospital to achieve the high level of inventory management? You are required to show the extent to which your agree or disagree (Please tick (v) most appropriate of; strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Not Sure (NS), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (S. D) | Statement | S. A| A. | NS| D | SD| 1. Inventory managers are responsible for receiving inventory when they arrive| | | | | | 2. | The Hospital always verifies stock received against delivery orders| | | | | | 3. | Does the Hospital order for inventory monthly| | | | | | 4. | Does the Hos pital order for inventory quarterly| | | | | | 5. | Does the Hospital carried out stock taking on monthly basis | | | | | | 6. | Does the Hospital carried out stock taking on quarterly basis| | | | | | 8. | All relevant employees participate in Inventory management| | | | | | SECTION C: Indicator of the organizational performance 14. Organizational performance is measured by efficiency and effectiveness of resources to achieve stated objectives Yes No 15.Organizational performance improvement includes assessment which is inform of Planned Systematic Explicit All the above 16. What are the indicators of organizational performance? Social responsibility Information sharing Flexibility Flexibility Strategic cost management Strategic cost management All the above 17. Organization performance is measured by both financial and non financial performance a) State the financial organizational performance i. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ b) Non financial organizational performance i. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ SECTION D: The relationship between inventory management and organizational performance You are required to show the extent to which your agree or disagree (Please tick (v) most appropriate of; strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Not Sure (NS), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (S. D) STATEMENT| SA| A| NS| SD| D| There is a direct relationship between inventory management and organizational performance| | | | | | Carrying out inventory management reduces costs related with over and under stocking| | | | | Without proper inventory management, The organization can’t meet her customers needs in time| | | | | | There is high service delivery attained as a result of inventory management| | | | | | The organization has large assets and capital as a result of proper inventory management| | | | | | The organizations services are reliable and in good condition| | | | | | There are ranges of services delivery option for Patient when they come | | | | | | The organization is able to adjust the amount of products in the store and are able to reschedule priorities demand | | | | | | Your organization is able to obtain out of stock products in time. | | | | | | SECTION E:Evaluation of the factors that affects the performance of Anaka General Hospital You are requested to state the extent to which you agree or disagree (Please tick the most appropriate of; Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Not Sure (NS), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (S. D) | Statement | S. A| A. | NS| D | SD| 1. | The re is inspection of goods in your organization in order to determine defective goods. | | | | | | 2. | There is expire of drugs when kept for a long time| | | | | | 3. | There is inadequate skills and knowledge of inventory planning and management in Anaka General Hospital| | | | | | 4. | There is high rate of theft of inventories In your organization| | | | | | 5. | There are qualified personnel who are responsible for managing inventories. | | | | | | Thanks you for your response and time